[size=150][b]四、摩擦力的转化[/b][br][/size][br]摩擦力是一种会受到运动状态影响的力,当物体的运动状态发生变化,摩擦力可能发生[color=#980000]突变[/color]。[br]比如从运动到静止,从静止到运动,运动速度反向等,都可能会瞬间改变摩擦力的方向和大小。[b][br][br]1、静摩擦力→滑动摩擦力[/b][br][br]当外力[math]F[/math]不大于最大静摩擦力时,静摩擦力[math]f_静=F[/math],当[math]F[/math]超过最大静摩擦力[math]f_{max}[/math]后,物体就会被拉动,摩擦力转化为滑动摩擦力,此时摩擦力大小不再随着外力的变化而变化。
物体只要在滑动,就会产生滑动摩擦力[math]f_滑[/math]而让物体减速,当减速到[math]0m/s[/math]时,滑动摩擦力会突然消失变为静摩擦力[math]f_静[/math]。[br][br]若物体不受其他外力,就会停下来不再运动,摩擦力变为0N。
若物体还受其他外力[math]F[/math],但是[math]F[/math]<[math]f_{max}[/math],当物体减速为[math]0m/s[/math]后,滑动摩擦力变为静摩擦力,这个静摩擦力会突变为和[math]F[/math]相等反向的力来抗衡[math]F[/math]。
[b]3、滑动摩擦力→滑动摩擦力[/b][br][br]若物体受到外力[math]F[/math]大于最大静摩擦力[math]f_{max}[/math],且[math]F[/math]和相对运动方向反向,物体会很快减速。[br][br]当物体减速为[math]0m/s[/math],两接触面仍会产生一个和外力[math]F[/math]反向的静摩擦力来抗衡[math]F[/math],但是这个静摩擦力不足以抗衡外力[math]F[/math],物体会被重新拉动,此时又会变成滑动摩擦力。
如果一开始外力[math]F[/math]就和运动方向相同且[math]F>f_{max}[/math],滑动摩擦力[math]f[/math]不足以抗衡外力[math]F[/math],物体会一直运动无法停下。
[color=#0000ff][b]例1[/b]:如图所示,用水平力把一个重量为G 的长方体物块,压在足够高的竖直粗糙墙上,水平力的大小从零开始随时间成正比地逐渐增大,物块沿墙面下滑,动摩擦系数为μ,最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力,试分析:[br][img]data:image/png;base64,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[/img][br](1)物块的运动状态;[br](2)物块所受摩擦力随时间变化规律.[br][br][/color][color=#ff0000]解析:[br]物体的运动状态:先加速度减小加速下滑,后加速度增加减小,速度减小为0后静止;[br]物体所受摩擦力:先随着F的增大而增大,静止后,突变为静摩擦力,一直不变,大小等于G。[/color]
[color=#0000ff][b]例2[/b]:如图所示,质量为[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/294f5ba74cdf695fc9a8a8e52f421328.svg[/img]的小物块,在水平恒力[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/a0ed1ec316bc54c37c4286c208f55667.svg[/img]的作用下紧贴在竖直墙壁上保持静止状态。自[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/87c7eb49a823f757461cd5260757b088.svg[/img]时刻起[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/a0ed1ec316bc54c37c4286c208f55667.svg[/img]随时间均匀减小,直至[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/5cd84a8f95166367063218ee03ffd5a7.svg[/img]时刻减为零,重力加速度为[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/276509f01529d982ab21e479a4619268.svg[/img],关于小物块所受摩擦力[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2e3d18e3f7018003a6c1dd43e096f0da.svg[/img]大小随时间[img]https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/36a1b09c653185842513e24ebba60bb3.svg[/img]变化的图像,下列选项可能正确的是( )[br][img width=148px,height=149px]https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/10/27/02bea564-b510-4f32-9282-675cd0bf6251.png[/img][br][table][tr][td]A.[img width=190px,height=140px]https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/26/c2b32a72-7c64-4fc8-861c-35dc94f69c3c.png[/img][/td][td]B.[img width=179px,height=129px]https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/26/5458c109-90de-4e8e-a4a6-8cb42a0a1800.png[/img][/td][/tr][tr][td]C.[img width=180px,height=131px]https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/26/26ca70f1-b09e-44db-8f88-b7a8322befad.png[/img][/td][td]D.[img width=174px,height=129px]https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/26/174e3eb7-c103-4984-8cff-270e0d496d0e.png[/img][/td][/tr][/table][/color][br][color=#ff0000]解析:[br]开始时物体静止,说明最大静摩擦力大于重力;[br]逐渐减小F,最大静摩擦力也逐渐减小,但是只要最大静摩擦力仍大于重力,物体就还是静止,摩擦力大小一直等于重力大小;[br]当最大静摩擦力减小到比重力小后,会突然开始滑动,此时摩擦力由静摩擦力突变为滑动摩擦力,会略微减小;[br]滑动摩擦力f=μF,因为F一直减小,故滑动摩擦力也一直减小。[br]所以选B。[/color]
[size=150][b]五、摩擦力的经典问题[br][br][/b][/size]
[b]多物体的摩擦力分析[br][br][/b]1、纸张