[size=150][img]data:image/png;base64,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[/img] [b]Le paradoxe du Grand-duc de Toscane :[/b][br]A la cour de Florence, de nombreux jeux de société étaient alors pratiqués. L’un de ces jeux consistait à lancer 3 dés et à parier sur la somme des faces.[br][size=150]Cosme II de Médicis[/size] (1590-1621), Grand-duc de Toscane , qui avait sans doute observé un grand nombre de parties, avait constaté que la somme 10 était obtenue légèrement plus souvent que la somme 9.[br]Le paradoxe, que le Grand-duc avait exposé à Galilée, réside dans le fait qu’il y a autant de façons d’écrire 10 que 9 comme sommes de trois entiers compris entre 1 et 6 :[br]10 = 6 + 3 + 1 = 6 + 2 + 2 = 5 + 4 + 1 = 5 + 3 + 2 = 4 + 4 + 2 = 4 + 3 + 3 (6 possibilités)[br]9 = 6 + 2 + 1 = 5 + 3 + 1 = 5 + 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 4 + 3 + 2 = 3 + 3 + 3 [size=150](6 possibilités)[/size][br]Pour répondre au Grand-duc, Galilée écrivit un petit mémoire sur les jeux de dés en 1620.[br]Il fut ainsi l'un des premiers, avec Cardan, à avoir écrit sur le "calcul des hasards".[br][br][img]data:image/png;base64,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[/img] [b]The paradox of the Grand Duke of Tuscany :[/b][br]At the court of Florence, many board games were then played. One of these games involved rolling 3 dice and betting on the sum of the faces.[br]Cosimo II de' Medici (1590-1621), Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had no doubt observed a large number of games, found that the sum 10 was obtained slightly more often than the sum 9.[br]The paradox, which the Grand Duke had exposed to Galileo, lies in the fact that there are as many ways of writing 10 as 9 as sums of three integers between 1 and 6:[br]10 = 6 + 3 + 1 = 6 + 2 + 2 = 5 + 4 + 1 = 5 + 3 + 2 = 4 + 4 + 2 = 4 + 3 + 3 (6 possibilities)[br]9 = 6 + 2 + 1 = 5 + 3 + 1 = 5 + 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 4 + 3 + 2 = 3 + 3 + 3 (6 possibilities)[br]In response to the Grand Duke, Galileo wrote a short memoir on dice games in 1620.[br]He was thus one of the first, with Cardan, to have written on the "calculation of chance".[/size]

[size=150][img]data:image/png;base64,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[/img] Pour désactiver la saisie d'un code d'accès, mettre le booléen [b]secu[/b] à false.[br]Le code est dans le texte [b]pinref[/b].[br][img]data:image/png;base64,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[/img] To disable the PIN input, set the boolean [b]secu[/b] to false.[br]The PIN is in the text [b]pinref[/b].[/size]