Graphs - kopio

Pie chart or bar graph is usually used for categorical variables. Pie chart shows relative values, but it cannot be used, if the observation belongs to multiple categories. [br][br]
Bar graph enables cluster comparisons in a meaningful way. If there is a natural ordering between categories, it can be displayed on horizontal axis of the graph.
A discrete variable can either have  finite number of values  ({1.1, 1.3, 1.5}) or countably infinite number of single unequal values (natural numbers). A continuous number can be any real number (uncountably  infinite). [br][br]Frequency table describes the number of unequal values. For categorical and discrete variables it means counting the number of observations for each unequal value. If a graph is used, it is usually a [i]histogram[/i] . Sometimes , there are used [i]percentual frequencies [/i]and [i]relative frequencies[/i]. You should look at medium, spread, shape, skewness, and possible outliers of the histogram, when interpreting it. Shape should follow the Normal distribution. [br][br]
Heights of 25 boys
Countably infinite variables and continuous values should be classified before frequencies. Usually, classifying loses specific information but desbribes general features more clearly. Classifying and frequencies can be done with stem-and-leaf, in which case not so much information is lost. [br]
Figure 3.1. Stem-and-leaf
[br]

Information: Graphs - kopio